Tourism Planning Policies And Infrastructure In Egypt

Tourism Planning Policies And Infrastructure In EgyptM each councils, states or counties as a whole has understood the positive impacts of touristry scotchally, this sector pours a big sh atomic number 18 in the countrys economy, if analyzed, platformned, chosen. Formulated and implemented strategically. There argon many unfortunate countries that return not identified touristry as a sector. For this reason there is no establishment or body to cheek after and run this sector.Tourists have been travelling for centuries, sometimes just to relax, to have leisure time,underwent recreational activities, for at laming conferences and seminars and to meet friends and relatives. Gradually, the c erstwhilept became wider when the tourists started taking interest in the history and culture of the destination like Egypt- Pyramids. Having realizedby the politics that tourists induce good interest in their heritage and history, this led the country to maintain their heathen places, e vents and festivals to indicate to the tourists. Therefore natural trend of heathen touristry emerged.Cultural touristry is a genre of item interest tourism based on the look for for and engagement in new and deep cultural experience, whether aesthetic, intellectual, emotional or psychological. (Stebbins 1996) It entertains the countries to market its rich and diverse cultural events to its local anaesthetic population and tourists alike.Boarding participation in the arts, increasing opportunities for arts, preserving and promoting cultural resources and investing in residential areas quality of vitality are among the reasons. State arts agencies are key players in supporting and leash cultural tourism initiatives. For this reason successful projects study to submit to with collaboration, assessment, research, marketing and visitor services. This learning of successful strategies allow link the arts and tourism in communities.Tourism can present some(prenominal) ad vantages and problems. On the positive side, the economy of heritage history and culture will attract the number of tourists and bring prosperity. At the same time maintenance of these resources will be ideal for the local population as it will create familiarity and affection with ancient history and forefathers. On the other hand, from the negative perspective the issue of controlling tourism will be challenging. Mass tourism will result in to fulfill the quirkiness of the tourists and the cultural amenities will be destroyed. The Great Sphinx of Egypt with Candle Holder Poly ResinDestination EgyptEgypt is a very well-known destination for cultural tourism. invariably so since it was visited by Herodotus during the ancient time, he was surprised to see the vast differences between Egypt and his home fine-tune. This image has been maintained throughout the middle and modern history.The disc perpetuallyywherey of Pharaonic antiquities dour time ago has added a special charm to Egypt, beside its strange religious and cultural monuments. Egypt enjoys various fields of tourism, the most essential are, archaeological or cultural tourism as iodin of the oldest types of tourism in Egypt, where the ancient civilizations are visible to the naked eye, an incarnation of the nation that constructed these civilizations since the dawn of history. Despite the multiple types of tourism and Egypts cultural tourism remains the unrepeated unique and non-competitive function of tourism as Egypt possesses one third of the worlds known monuments. The Great Sphinx at Giza in EgyptTherefore, historically verbalise tourism has been a key ingredient in Egypts economy for about the last 200 years. However, over the last generation, tourism has become an essential component of the economy and is now the source of 45% of the countrys annual foreign currency winnings.Impacts of tourismUntil recently, growth in tourism was thought achievable without imposing any negative impa ct on Egypts cultural heritage resources. It used to be considering as non-consumable industry and a keen tool to countrys development strategy. Similarly, it was regarded as a vital element to Egypts economy. But the constant research about the sector revealed that tourism consumes resources of the host nation, not just natural and man-make resources, but cultural ones, too. Cultural resources are finite and have to be managed like any other scarce resource.Positive impactsof tourismThe rise of tourism can egest the local population of Egypt to learn good things from diverse culture. This can open the door to many opportunities. For example Egyptians speaking Arabic, will come in the fundamental interaction of Asian, European, American tourists, this can make for them with their language and may consume to learn it. So that they can communicate with the tourists such(prenominal) a desire can make the establishments or centers to offer courses based on the languages. This can fu rther import the native expertise and give many choices to the learners.Worldwide profileIt is the heritage of Egypt that has made it worldwide known destination. Many European and American tourists show their urge to visit the destination and see the pyramids from their eyes. The culture and heritage rich destination Egypt is taught in colleges and other vocational courses. This treasure of heritage and culture has made Egypt very important.Restoration and conservationThe heritage of Egypt is consistently restored and conserve. Conservation department is devoted to the preservation of cultural heritage for the future. It includes examination, documentation, treatment and preventive care of the historic treasure. Since it is being valueed by the country for tourists, thereforeit is to a fault capaciously used by the local population. The nation knows about their ancient history which is alive in them after centuries through the preservation and maintenance of these objects.Social cohesionIt describes the bond or gum tree that brings the stack of Egypt together in society, particularly in the context of cultural diversity. These cultural heritage and history bring them closer, united and signs their mutuality. Such a recitation passes on from one generation to another and Egyptians take pride to be the part of world class ancient history.General development of groundwork door to the cultural heritage site is just not possible for tourists with sound and modern infrastructure. People on holi days, curious for learning and view would like to lighten their energy to tour around to fulfill their purpose of tourism. This modern means of infrastructure will then are used by the locals and make their life easier too. Not only has this but such advancement queued up the country to earn title of a developed country.Negative impacts of tourismMass tourismThe interesting history of the Egypt has led the destination to deal with mass tourism. This form of tourism w as unable to responsibly control and had ruined the area of natural beauty. It has also polluted the beaches and destroyed the garmentats of wild as roads and hotels are built. Therefore such a loss and damage to such resources and infrastructure had reduced numbers pool of visitors. The air travel, sources of mass tourism is a major cause of global warming.Culture and tradition sensibilityLarge number of tourists has undermined traditional beliefs, values, and customs and in particular risk commercializing the very culture Egyptians is proud of. Many incidents of their insensitivity to local population and tradition have caused great offence, for example the adverse dressing, indecent behavior and so onReliance on tourismMass tourism ruins the environment of the destination. The incidents in past where the Egypt heritage and cultural threats emerged alarmed the local authorities to limit the tourism. It was felt that nature conservation, approximate range management, red sea t ourism need to be sustained. These authorities are now playing to implement such measures that will not destroy their treasure of history and also welcome the tourist to view and admire their ancient history.Regardless of the economic benefits tourism brings, it is very significant for the Egyptian tourists board to balance the requirements of locals and facilities tourists need. For example the sightseeing in Luxor, where the valley of the Kings is the site where the Pharoahs underground tombs have been constructed, and tomb of Tutankhamun, Rames III and IV etc. are the most visited sites. These sites in particular suffer from pollution, damage and other negative effects greatly. In short, the civilization of Egypt was in extreme danger, until the government distinguishable to be equipped with some meaningful strategy to deal with the issue.At the same time, the influence of the European tourists industry has really motivated the government to select the direction where the econo mical merits of the industry will be enjoyed but not at the risk of losing the traditions, values, monuments and other physical amenities.For this reason, effective destination cooking mustiness define the level of acceptable tourism development in Egypt and provide control to maintain that level.PollutionMass tourism always hooks up with pollution that is destruction to its environment, physical amenities, natural resources etc. therefore, the pollution controls should be built into all forms of infrastructure. In this regard, educational programmers should assist and invite tourist to take to be and deduct the local way of life, culture, history and religion. The Egyptian tourism policy should think on these lines that tourists need not to cross border line to negatively influence the local civilization, traditions, values and beliefs.Disney-ficationIt means the transformation of something, usually society at large. Luxor is known for its Disney-fication as city officials appr oved a controversial plan to excavate an ancient processional route and develop it as a key tourist attraction. Buried in soil for centuries, the 2.7 kilometer Avenue of Sphinxes once connected the temples of Luxor and Karnak in what was then ancient city of Thebes.Such crucial impacts of culture and heritage have forced the low income families to lose their homes where water and electricity was cut off past few months ago.Government policiesThe development of cultural and heritage sites on the price of influencing the local population living or houses should not be the practice of the ministry tourism in Egypt. Such a project should not be planned and implemented.When there is no source of reliable honorarium schemes. The director of Luxor antiques Mansour Boraik believed uncoiling the avenue of Sphinxes was their dream, since it was the longest and biggest religious route ever built in the ancient world. Therefore many houses have demolished already.Regardless of the economic po sitive impacts that tourism carries, such a move by the government will add-on the hostility of the local population against tourists.Reconstruction and restoration of cultural sitesEvery year the government of Egypt spends billions of pounds to maintain and reconstruct the ancient architecture and monuments. Such a big calculate of economy is invested on these sectors whereas there is a need to pour handsome investment in other sectors like sports, education, health and industry. Just like many touristic iscommonwealths and destination, the complete reliance ondevelopment of tourism sector only can cause many disasters and the countrys economy can face a big collapse.Local population beliefSince tourist mingle up with local population from diverse background with different lifestyles, religions, languages, values, beliefs, practices etc. Therefore, it is quite likely that host population will start getting fascinated with unique practices and thus follow them. For example, Egypt i s an Islamic country and the local dress code is completely different than European tourists. Local people might get influence from European tourists and start following their dress code.Security measuresTourism industry brings the people of all beliefs and religions together into the destination. Egypt had recently become a target land for terrorism. People from their home country fly to Egypt to satisfy their thirst of viewing historical places and learn about the ancient history. But unfortunately, destination has become pronounced by terrorist to kill foreigners. For this reason, new measures of surety are needed to be implanted to make sure that just like local people, tourist flavour the same safety and security, this might need a heavy budget on security and safety equipment. Failure to achieve the best means of security can spread a very negative reputation all around, which can drastically influence the number of tourists in future.Tourism planning policies and infrastruc tureThe Egypt tourist authorityThe tourism industry being the largest in the Egypt demand to undergo very effective destination planning. The planning should enable the policy makers to understand the linkages between tourism and each of the economic sectors so that optional planning and management strategies can be implemented for the destination.The lucrative economic benefits of tourism are of course not ignorable but at the same time the utilization of natural, man-made, cultural and heritage resources of Egypt should not be misused. In past the policy makers were lascivious about this fact. Since tourism is generating a big share of income for Egypts economy for twain centuries. But now is the time to understand the world phenomenon that tourism has increasingly important socioeconomic and cultural impact. So the heritage, nature, and culture have to be protected. Egypt has experienced many red signals that reflect the concern about controlling or check tourism.At the end o f the 1980s, Egypts government took the decision to develop tourism, when other sources of rent income were in crisis and the government was in danger of being destabilized. Since then, tourism has been a great success story in Egypt and contributes substantially to the economic development of the country. The tremendously increasing tourism revenues have significantly contributed to the stabilization of the political system.Progressive sustainable tourism program is the initiative of ministry of tourism of Egypt to put environmental protection and conservation at the top of Egypts tourism development agenda in electric current as well as future tourism development plans.Being an undisputed gateway to one of the worlds fastest growing tourism markets, and with 200,000 hotel populate planed over 15 years, Egypt has realized one of the worlds largest tourism development plans. Associated with this rapid growth are the international popularity of its natural environment and the poten tial threat of degradation to both terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Many conferences have been organized by the Minister of Tourism, Dr.Mamdouh El-Beltaugi, about Egypts Red sea Sustainable Tourism Initiative.Sustainable tourism which is an effective development philosophy can advance environmental conservation and promote the sustainable use of natural resources, and a catalyst for economic and local community development in Egypt.For example, over 1.2 million tourists visit the Red Sea coast annually, bringing in over $1.2 billion in foreign flip-flop and generating more than 275,000 jobs. The Red Sea has become one of Egypts premier tourism destinations, based in large part on its unique and fragile marine environment. In recent years, however, tourism development has come increasingly into conflict with protection and conservation of Red Sea resources.To assure that future tourism development in the southern Red Sea preserves the environmental resources that make the area s o attractive to tourists, the Egyptian government proposed development of a land use management plan identifying zones for different types and levels of development and preservation. In addition, to counteract tourisms negative effects while still encouraging economic growth, the government proposed a program to protect designated marine and coastal areas through the establishment of nature reserves, and to build the capacity of national and local government agencies, as well as private tourism enterprises, to cope with the many challenges presented by a booming tourism industry.Urban tourismPrimary elements of urban tourismCultural Facilities Museums and maneuver Galleries Theaters and Cinemas Concert Halls Convention Centers and other Visitor AttractionsSport Facilities Indoor and OutdoorAmusement Facilities Night Clubs Casinos and Bingo Halls Organized Events FestivalsPhysical Characteristics Historical Street phase Interesting Buildings Ancients Monuments and Statues Parks and Green Areas Waterfronts (Harbor, Canal, River)Socio-Cultural Features Liveliness of the Place Language Local Customs and Costumes Cultural Heritage Friendliness SecuritySecondary elements of urban tourism Accommodation Catering Facilities Shopping MarketsAdditional elements of urban tourism Accessibility Transportation and Parking Tourist Information(maps, signs, guides)Sinbad Aquapark is a beach front hotel, situated in Hurghada, Egypt. It isjust fifteen minutes from HurghadaAirport this well-featured resort hotel includes a water park and extensive sporting facilities. Sindbad Club Aqua Park and Resort has 685 guestrooms.http//www.way remoteing.info/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Sindbad-hotel-2.jpgRoom features Air conditioning, fanny with shower, Minibar, Room safe, Satellite TV, Small lounge, Telephone, Television, Windows that open Writing desk.http//www.wayfaring.info/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Sindbad-hotel-agua-park.jpgFacilities at the hotel include various bars and restaura nts, large swimming pool with Jacuzzi, childrens swimming pool, aqua park with water slides and wave pool, childrens club, tennis, billiards, bowling.http//www.wayfaring.info/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/aqua-park-Sindbad-hotel.jpgWellness centre with Jacuzzi, sauna, massage, medical centre, cosmetics studio and hairdresser and full entertainment programmed for adults and children.Emerging IssuesThere are number of distinctive features tend to characterize Egypts urban tourism destinations, some of which could represent focal points of remedy. Such features include The Great Pyramid of Khufu at Giza in EgyptPrivatizationThere is a great shift from Public sectors development to the privatized in Egypt to maintain and offer visitors an exciting experience. Hotels, restaurants, shopping malls, transportation etc are becoming privatized which is creating a leakage in the economy. The earnings of public sector are equally distributed into the establishment of new services and sector nation ally because it is meant to be spending likely. But on the contrary, privatized firms commercial enterprisees benefit the individuals and specific family for what the countries remain under developed.Convention Centers and ExhibitionsThere are significant numbers of visitors to Egypt whose primary purpose of visit is not leisure-related. As convention Centers and Exhibitions are very much regarded as one of the staples of urban tourism thus at the destination of Egypt, up to forty percent of those staying overnight have come for this type of business tourism. Convention Centers and Exhibitions are perceived to be strong growth sectors in which the visitor spends an above average amount and which operate for most of the years in the Egypt. Employment, publicity, image improvement, and urban regeneration are benefits that generally justify the big financial investment for those centers. Besides these advantages, it is important to remember that the conference business cannot be sepa rated from the rest of the tourism industry particularly because most participants are also seeking urban amenities in an exciting environment.Infrastructure inviolable existing attractions and infrastructure generally developed for non-tourism purposes in Egypt. This has made the city life very congested and of course polluted. The Egyptian Tourism Authority needs to realize the magnificence of green tourism to be environmental friendly. Hotels have been established like the woods in a forest which also booster cable to noise pollution and air pollution.AttractionsA large number, variety and scale of primary and secondary attractions have been developed which is most of the time tourists have occupied, this lead to a jealousy and frustration in host population towards tourists. The more the disputes will take place the negative impacts will emerge which mainly will ruin the publicity of the destination. Example SINDBAD HOTEL.DevelopmentLocal residents are significant, often major ity, users of attractions and infrastructure. These attractions utilize money, man power, land and other resources which can be used to undergo projects like Golf, school hospital bank orleisure Centre etc. In short, the approach of the government to spend on urban tourism can twist out to be a threat in future.Distribution of the resourcesTourism is just one of many economic activities in the city, with implications for the awareness and perceived importance of tourism issues by business, government and residents. The competition for resources within cities like Luxor, Alexanderia, and Cairo also has implications for the provision of visitor services, and the cost and availability of land and labor.Strategic planning of the destinationThe involvement of a multiplicity of public and commercial organizations with varying levels of interest in tourism, which has implications for the complexity of planning and policy-making processes, day-to-day operational management, and the ropine ss of marketing activity.At the same time, many things have not changed. The Egyptians remain a very hospitable people who truly seem to love sharing their glorious past with visitors. They are a warm people who, meeting a foreign visitor for the first time, still have a habit of inviting them home to dinner, which is usually made into a feast of sorts.So as we head into the middle of the first decade of the 21st Century, we find an Egypt that is more than ever ready to accept modern western tourists, perhaps as never before. refreshing and sometimes very luxurious hotels are springing up everywhere to accommodate them, and younger, savvier tour operators are planning wonderful and exciting ways to entertain and engage tourists. Egypt is a land of enchantment and mystery, and now is the best time ever to experience the Mother of the WorldMass tourism VS Sustainable tourismhttp//t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcTQpcTdij9YrlMdAj3PoyDm7LgA0EFTXAA6JA55EuW4wgTamGtxt=1The term mass tou rism is problematic to define with any clearcutness and they claim that the term refers to the production, structure and organization of tourism akin to an industrial process whereby economies of scale are sought to meet market needs. Poon (1993) defines mass tourism as a large-scale phenomenon, packaging and selling standardized leisure services at fixed prices to a mass clientele. Further to this Fayos-Sol (1996) went as far to suggest that the operational model of mass tourism no longer suffices to achieve competitiveness in tourism enterprises and offices and he proposed that a new paradigm, the New Age of Tourism (NAT), is gathering strength owing to its ability to face to prevailing circumstances.There are probably a hundred reasons why people visit Egypt. These days, perhaps the bulk of tourists actually come from various European countries for an inexpensive beach vacation, quite often in large groups by contract airlines. For them, it is simply the least expensive means of taking a warm, beach vacation in a nice resort along the Red Sea coast of Egypt or in the Sinai. Many of these vacations are arranged by large European operations that use mass tourism to arrange ample hotel space at very inexpensive rates.More lucrative to the Egyptians, and certainly a major source of tourism to Egypt, are the classical tourists, who come to Egypt specifically to visit the ancient monuments. Beach goers may also arrange classical tours as extensions of their holidays, but normal classical tourists will usually follow a much defined route, from Cairo along the Nile Valley down to Aswan, though they may also opt for various extensions, including a brief visit to one of the beaches.Sustainable tourism in EgyptEgypt national tourist strategic planhttp//www.mga-ai.it/images/480/Egypt2_480.jpgAfter the disastrous effects of Mass Tourism Egypt is looking into the possibilities for diversifying its tourism opportunities throughout the country. The main target for expa nding the tourism sector is nature-based tourism. The coral reefs and rich marine life in South Sinai and the Red Sea coast have made these two areas among the premier scuba diving destinations in the world. Many beach resorts are now in operation and there are still hundreds to be constructed. However, introductory tourism development in Egypt has resulted in a series of negative environmental impacts. The ambitious development plans to receive 16 million tourists by 2017 should take into consideration sustainability concepts. The government and developers have significant roles to play in adopting and implementing environmentally sound policies and practices to avoid the degradation of the natural heritage of Egypt for the sake of the current as well as future generations.Egypt in 21st Century plan is prepared by the cabinet of the Egyptian Government in 1997,and it lays out the long national development plan in the beginning carbon. Tourismwas positioned as one of major leadin g industries in the strategy.Following are the tourism development strategies in the 21th centuryTo increase the number of visitor arrivals to 27 million by the year 2017To extend length of stay from 7 days in 1997 to 9 days by the year 2017, and to increase total bed nightsfrom 26 million in 1997 to 230 million by 2017To raise the accommodation capacity to 618 thousand rooms by the year 2017To instruction on tourism development projects in South EgyptTo formulate integrated development programs for new tourist areasTo establish new tourist camp sites for safaris in the middle of Sinai and in Wadi El Gemal of Red SeaTo preserve the ancient Egyptian civilizationTo supply new sites for tourism development with all the required facilities like in the Red Sea, Sinai, theNew Valley, Luxor and Aswan.The impact of tourism on the Egyptian society is significant. Direct economic benefits of tourisminclude generation of employment, increase of foreign exchange earnings, incomegeneration and contribution to government revenues These benefits are the main source of income to strengthen the other sectors of Egypt greatly. Tourism also provides indirectimpacts on the economic sectors, such as agriculture, fisheries, handicraft manufacturingand construction, which supply the goods and services for tourism sector. Furthermore, the improvement of transportation and other infrastructure facilities andservices encourage the economic and culture development of the community in theregional area. shutdownThe Egyptian national tourism sector marketing strategy emphasizes on quality, and aimsto foster and encourage high-quality tourism services at competitive prices. Since 1982,Egypt has developed a new strategy aiming to increase the number of tourists visitingEgypt. The plan was, and still is, to boost tourism demand by attracting visitors beyondthe main tourism incoming markets, namely visitors from the European Community, USA, Canada and the Arab countries and target new potent ial markets. Thepredominant new markets Egypt must aim to attract are Scandinavia, Southeast Asia, EasternEurope, and Southern and Latin America. Up till now the Egyptian tourism sector has notachieved the desired travel movement from Southeast Asia, Japan, Australia and Malaysia. EgyptScandinavia and Eastern Europe countries such as Poland, Czech Republic, Romania and Russia, they only yielded a total of 600 000 tourists compared to 3 274 377 tourists from both western and southern Europe (Papadopoulos, 2003). The main customers are the Germans followed by Italians, Russians, English, French and Saudi Arabians. Egypt mustpromoted through advertising campaigns in the mass media, participation and attendance in various exhibitions and the continuous renewal of advertising material.Egyptian organizations need to participate in all major international events, while tourist planners have developed for the demanding tourist, cultural and athletic activities reinforcing Egypt as a tourist destination and attracting people interested in these events. There is also a great need to protect Egypts unique desert and its environment and heritage resources. Sustainable development and preservation ofEgypts natural resources should be the pillars of the Egyptian tourism plans. The primary concern is to protect the environment by limiting tourism projects in natural reserves. Generally, tourism properties, hard buildings, are only allowed in 12.5% of the land. In recognition of the countrys potential for tourism, high standards of tourism services quality are strictly enforced and green marketing orientation need to be adopted within all tourism marketing activities.The budget allocated to promote Egypt as a macro-tourist destination abroad is about $50 million a year. Almost 90% of the promotion budget is spent on promotion campaigns through direct media such as the press, TV, billboards, movie and public transport advertisements. The remaining 10% goes to the international network of tourist offices. The Egyptian Tourism Authority (ETA) must focus its promotion activities on the European tourist market, which is considered the main market segment, as it provides about 65% of the incoming tourists coming to Egypt.ETA promotion policies should also take into consideration the changes that took place in Europe, as there are ten countries that have recently joined the European Union and they are mainly from the Eastern bloc. The ETAhas to look closely at these new potential tourist markets. The Arab tourist market constitutes the second major region sending tourists to Egypt, about 16% of the total number of travelers, and there is a need to design a new strategy that offers the Arab tourist markets requirements.Egypt has to highlight its focus of marketing campaign to attract not only culturaltourists, but also to highlight the Red Sea Resorts, with their beaches, diving activitiesand the environmental tourism facilities, taking the sustainability requ irements intoconsideration (El-Khadem, 2004 Ministry of Tourism, 2004).

Semantics And The Structure Of Sentence

Semantics And The Structure Of SentenceSemantics is the memorize of meaning. It typically focuses on the resemblance between signifiers, such(prenominal) as words, phrases, signs and symbols, and what they stand for. Linguistic semantics is the remove of meanings that humans use language to express. Other names of semantics include the semantics of programming languages, formal logics, and semiotics.The word semantics itself denotes a range of ideas, from the public to the highly technical. It is often used in ordinary language to denote a worry of understanding that comes down to word selection or connotation. This problem of understanding has been the subject of many formal inquiries, over a long period of time, most notably in the field of formal semantics. In linguistics, it is the study of interpretation of signs or symbols as used by agents or communities within particular circumstances and contexts. Within this view, sounds, facial expressions, body language, proxemics h as semantic (meaningful) content, and each has any(prenominal)(prenominal) branches of study. In written language, such things as paragraph structure and punctuation have semantic content in other(a) forms of language, there is other semantic content.The formal study of semantics intersects with many other fields of inquiry, including lexicology, syntax, pragmatics, etymology and others, although semantics is a comfortably-defined field in its own right, often with synthetic properties. In philosophy of language, semantics and abduce ar related fields. Further related fields include philology, communication, and semiotics. The formal study of semantics is therefore complex.Semantics contrasts with syntax, the study of the combinatory of units of a language (without reference to their meaning), and pragmatics, the study of the relationships between the symbols of a language, their meaning, and the users of the language. In international scientific vocabulary semantics is also c alled semasiology.LEXICAL CONCEPTUAL SEMANTICSThis theory is an effort to explain properties of argument structure. The assumption posterior this theory is that syntactic properties of phrases reflect the meanings of the words that head them. With this theory, linguists can better deal with the occurrence that subtle differences in word meaning correlate with other differences in the syntactic structure that the word appears in. The way this is gone some is by looking at the internal structure of words. These small parts that check up the internal structure of words ar referred to as semantic primitives.LEXICAL SEMANTICSA linguistic theory that investigates word meaning. This theory understands that the meaning of a word is fully reflected by its context. Here, the meaning of a word is constituted by its contextual relations. Therefore, a distinction between degrees of participation as well as modes of participation are made. In give to accomplish this distinction any part o f a sentence that bears a meaning and combines with the meanings of other constituents is labelled as a semantic constituent. Semantic constituents that can not be broken down into more elementary constituents are labeled a minimum semantic constituent.COMPUTATIONAL SEMANTICSComputational Semantics is focused on the processing of linguistic meaning. In order to do this concrete algorithms and architectures are described. Within this framework the algorithms and architectures are also analyzed in terms of decidability, time/space complexity, data structures which they require and communication protocols. Many companies use semantic technologies to create commercial value. The rudimentary point is that you cannot create much value from content that you do not understand. Once you understand, then you can interrogate more effectively, create explicit relationships between content around topics and issues, inform contextual advertising and product placement, and build a standard meth od of sharing structured data between publishers.Halliday (1987) describes some syntactic and semantic differences between the spoken and written modes of communication. Hoey (1986), Van Valin (1984) and Winter (1977) describe the syntax and semantics of clause connection, focusing largely on several English registers According to the traditional grammar, sentences consist of words, but not every string of word constitutes a sentence as we can see in the pursuance example Lion cage this less in dangerous is the. A workable analysis is that if we look at this example we know the meaning of the idiosyncratic words, but the chronological sequence as a satisfying does not make sense, so we cannot consider this structure a sentence. Thus, we can affirm that if a sequence of words is to constitute a sentence, it must he meaningful, for instance The lion is less dangerous in this cage.The network of relations between the words of a sentence is called its structure. There are many dif ferent aspects that influence the structure of a sentence. A very important one is word order. The different order of the words in a sentence can bring by a difference in its meaning, as in the following example Did he pronounce who he was?= Who did he say he was?But a difference in word order does not always imply a difference in meaning. sometimes it simply entails a difference in emphasis John ran away //A way ran John .In relation with the words, the structure of the sentence also depends on the individual meaning of the words or word-groups making up the sentence in the following example the difference of structure is not due to word order but to the relationship between the wordsPeter was waiting for heptad friends. //Peter was waiting for seven minutes. wherefore this kind of Grammar deals with the concept of Ambiguous sentences and explains that the structure of sentences is not always unambiguously derivable from overt marks like word order, lexical items etc Sometimes we come across sentences to which more than one structure can he assigned, having therefore, more than one meaning. This type of sentence receives the name of Ambiguous Sentence, as in the following examples George likes Susan more than Joan // Visiting relatives can be boring.Only through the context in which these sentences may appear can we know which of the two possible meanings is intended. According to the Transformational Grammar, it deals with the idea that a sentence has a syntactic structure, and it follows this term in order to develop its theory. The first important point deals with the idea that the try for claiming that sentences have a syntactic structure in language comes from the native speakers intuition about the structure of sentences in his language. These geomorphologic intuitions which native speakers have about the Syntax of their languages are two types1. The constituents intuitions about how sound-sequences in sentences are structured into larger structural units.2. Categories intuitions about whether structural units belong to the same category or not. So, the following example is going to illustrate this factTo analyze the concept of sentence we can do the following analysis words are sorted into lower constituents. For example incredibly modifies intelligent, so the sequence incredibly intelligent is a phrasal constituent of the sentence. Also, following the analysis, this modifies pupil, so the sequence that pupil forms a single structural unit, a constituent of the sentence. The same happens in the sequence that teacher. But furthermore also the sequence to that teacher is another constituent. To the transformational grammar, the phrases incredibly intelligent and to that teacher both modify seem, then the whole sequence seem incredibly intelligent to that teacher is also a constituent. Thus, all this information can he conciliateed as we see before in delineate form, that is a tree diagram. Each point in the tree is called a no de, and each node represents a constituent. But, however, since nodes are predictable, later they were suppressed in accompanying tree-diagrams. But a tree-diagram does not provide any representation of our intuitions about which constituents are constituents of the same type. The traditional way of describing the similarities and differences between constituents is to say that they belong to categories of heterogeneous types. And the same happens with the phrases. Finally, to this type of grammar, the whole sequence that pupil must seem incredibly intelligent to that teacher is a special type of constituent traditionally termed a clause or sentence.3. Conventions to Be used in the analysis of a sentence, the constituents aNd its levelsEvery sentence can he analysed at four distinct form levels the word-level, the phrase-level, the clause-level and the sentence- level. And this is called the rank scale. Later, after the explanation of the constituents of a sentence we will see the different levels and how they can he analysed following the same example. Thus, a diagram as this provides a visual presentation of the categorial constituent structure of the sentence. It shows us how sentence is structured out of its constituent phrases, and how each of the phrases is structured out of its voice words, and also it provides a visual presentation of the phrase structure of sentence. The type of labelled tree- diagram used here is referred to as a Phrase-marker (P-marker) because it marks the hierarchic grouping of words into phrases, and phrases into sentences.Another method of visual display used in the linguistic literature is to make use of labelled bracketing. Within this system, we could represent the categorial status of the words in the structure mentioned before as in the following exampleD This N pupil M must V seem Adv incredibly A intelligent P to D that N teacherWe could use this system of labelled bracketing to represent the fact that this pupil and that teacher are noun phrases, that to that teacher is a prepositional phrase. That incredibly intelligent is an adjective phrase, that seem incredibly intelligent to that teacher is a verb phrase, and that this pupil must seem incredibly intelligent to that teacher is an S = clause. As followsS NP D this N pupil M must VP V seem AP ADV incrediblyA intelligent PP P toNP D that N teacher Then the two diagrams represented here contain the same information. Many linguists prefer tree-diagrams as a form of visual representation of syntactic structure because they are easier to read, and the reason for that is that the information they contain is less condensed. Thus, diagrams like these provide a virtually complete representation of the syntactic structure of the sentence. Also we can pay off partial tree-diagrams or partial labeled bracketing for instance if we take the sentence mentioned before, we can see that it contains three major constituentsCONCLUSIONAccording to grammarians , it can be said that there is a hierarchical order. That is to say, sounds are the constituents of words, words are the constituents of the phrases and phrases are the constituents of sentences or clauses. Then as a conclusion to this point, we can say that sentences are not just unstructured sequence of sounds rather they have a hierarchical constituent structure in which sounds are grouped together into words, words into phrases, and phrases into sentences. On the other hand, it is important to point out the main features of the different categories although they have not been explained in this assignment. That is to say, when we talk about sentences, it is absolutely unavoidable to know the features of the categories as constituents of the own sentence. In a nutshell, it can be said that Radfords book, Ouhallas work and the linguistics dictionaries are a useful repoint for the student in the sense that they make easier the comprehension of grammar. It is due to the fact that they give us (as students) clear information by using simple examples.

Social influence

Social influenceSocial influence has a number of meanings in psychology, it is generally used to summarise the field of social psychology. Studying how thoughts, feelings and behaviour of unmarrieds be influenced by actual, imagined or implied presence of others (Allport, 1968). Our social life is characterised by social influences influences we are aware of and some we are not. As individuals we occasionally give agency to social influence to fit in and at times we do it because we are not sure of the right way to feel or act and so use others as a resource of information. Our social life is also characterised by social norms, which are ordinarily accepted ways of thinking, feeling and behaving that are shared among others in a social group. When a social group has well recognised norms, pressures arise for individuals to adjudge such norm (to line up). This essay will explore a variety of examples of social influences (bulk and nonage effects and obedience) and explanations of why multitude yield to such influence. An individual is said to conform if they choose a year of carry discover that is preferred or considered socially acceptable by the legal age. Because the individual is influenced by how the majority thinks or be sheds is referred to as majority influence. The fact that an individual conforms along with the majority in public, does not necessarily mean they have changed their private outlook or beliefs. Therefore, or so majority influence is characterised by public compliance rather than private acceptance. Asch (1956) conducted a well recognised experiment on majority influence. The aim of the reading was to find out how individuals would behave when given an unambiguous task (asking participants which of the three lines of different lengths were the same length as the standard line). All but angiotensin converting enzyme of the participants were confederates, who were instructed to give the same incorrect answer. Asch found, 36.8% of the responses were incorrect, indicating participants conformed to the incorrect response given by the confederates. 25% of the participants never gave a wrong answer therefore 75% conformed at least once. The study shows a strong tendency to conform to group pressures in a situation where the answer is clear. Asch later interviewed some of his participants and found that they gave superstar of the three reasons why they conformed. Distortion of perception (they really thought their wrong answers were right), distortion of judgement (felt some doubt with their judgement and therefore conformed) and distortion of action (they did not want to be ridiculed). This study itself does suggest individuals are sometimes aware of social influences but yield to such influences for different reasons. Asking nation to judge the length of lines is a rather irrelevant task to real life the findings only tell us about conformity in supererogatory circumstances. For example, Williams and Sogon (1984) tested people who belonged to the same sports club and found that conformity may be even higher with the people you know.Asch was not the first psychologist to investigate majority influence. Jenness, 1932 (cited in Cardwell Flanagan, 2004) asked students to guess the number of beans in a jar. After being given the opportunity to discuss their estimates, they were asked to give their individual estimates again. Jenness found that individuals estimates tended to converge to a group norm. It seems, reasonable to suggest that in an ambiguous situation, people look to others to get some ideas about a sensible answer. Similar study by Sherif, 1935 (cited in Cardwell Flanagan, 2004) found answers to an ambiguous stimulus become quite similar after discussions demonstrating a tendency to establish and conform to group norms. People conform for various reasons, ranging from complete acceptance of the majority viewpoint (informational influence), to simply going along with the crow d (normative influence). Normative influence is the result of wanting to be wish and informational influence is the result of wanting to be right (Morton and Harold, 1955). Factors that affect majority influence include size of the majority Asch (1956) found that the size of the opposing majority did affect conformity and, cultural factors compared to individualist cultures, conformity appears to be higher in societies where group harmony is a priority (Smith and Bond, 1993).Minority influence is an alternate(a) form of social influence where people reject the established norm of the majority of group members and move to the position of the minority. Minorities generally have less role or status and may even be dismissed as troublemakers, but this raises the question, how do they have any influence over the majority? Moscovici, 1976 (cited in Cardwell Flanagan, 2004) claims the answer lies in their behavioural style. Moscovici, Lage and Naffrenchoux (1969) aimed to investigate t he process of innovation. They found that the participants rivald with the minority on 8.42% of the trials (saying the blue slides were green). Notably, 32% gave the same answer as the minority at least once. The findings demonstrate that minorities can influence majority opinion. Group identification and social cryptoamnesia are the key explanations why people yield to minority influence. Maass, Clark and Haberknorn (1982) arranged for a group of heterosexual participants to hear arguments about gay rights. If the minority group was gay, it had less influence on the participants than if it was straight, seemingly because the participants were able to target with the straight minority and this led to greater influence.Social cryptoamnesia refers to major attitude changes which only take place when the zeitgeist changes. By the time change occurs people have forgotten the original source of opinion change, but innovation is due to minority influence. (Perez, Papastamou and Mugny, 1 995). Within a social group, after some members have started to agree with the minority, the minority turns into a majority. Van Avermaet (1996) referred to this as the snowball effect.So far, the essay has looked at types of indirect social influence where people can choose whether or not they will yield to the perceived pressure of the majority or minority, suggesting we are completely aware of such social influences on our behaviour. Obedience to ascendence (a direct form of social influence) refers to an alternative type of social influence whereby someone acts in response to a direct order from a figure out with perceived authority. Milgram (1963) set to investigate whether ordinary people will obey a legitimate authority figure, even when required to injure another individual (electric shocks). The findings of the study suggest that ordinary people are surprisingly obedient to authority when asked to behave in an inhumane manner. Gradual commitment, agentic shift and the ro le of buffers are explanations to why people obey (in terms of Milgrams study). As participants have already given lower-level shocks, it becomes harder to resist the experimenters requirement to increase the shocks. Having committed themselves to a particular course of action (giving shocks), it becomes difficult for participants to change their mind.Essential to Milgrams explanation of obedience is what he termed the agentic state, by which he meant, the condition the person is in, when he sees himself as an agent to carrying out another persons wishes. Milgram, 1974 (cited in Card, 2005) argued that people move between an agentic state and an autonomous state (state a person is when they see them self acting on their own. ledger entry an authority system, Milgram claimed the individual no longer views themselves as acting out of his own purpose but sees themselves as agents for another.In Milgrams classic study into obedience, the instructor and learner were in different rooms, with the teacher protected (buffered) from seeing his victim. When the learner was in the same room, this buffering effect was reduced. The role of buffers/buffering effect is similarly used to apologise the apparent willingness to dispatch weapons of mass destruction (Solomon, Mikulincer, and Hobfoll, 1986). Milgrams research has been quite controversial however, it can be argued that the great value of this research, in helping us pick up obedience to authority, justifies the deception and the distress caused to the teachers.Society itself can influence the behaviour of people in many ways. It can pass laws through governmental establishments, amplify a strong desire for ethics and morals, hold its professionals to strong ethical codes of conduct, educate and inform through school systems and the media. But the primary reason why a society can control the behaviour of most people is our innate psychological need for intuitive growth and maturity. There seems to be a natural pr eference within the human psyche to behave in a moral or ethical manner. (Schueler, 1997). To conclude, there is evidence to suggest people are in fact aware of social influences whether it is majority and minority effects or obedience to authority people yield to such influences for a variety of reasons normative and informational influence, group identification, social cryptoamnesia, gradual commitment, agentic shift and the role of buffers nevertheless, social psychologists continue to argue that people are often unaware of the influences on their behaviour, thoughts and emotions. (Nisbett Wilson, 1977)

A View From The Bridge - Questions and Answers :: View From The Bridge Essays

A View From The BridgeQuestions and Answers Eddie has rather strict nonmodern notions of decorum. Find some evidence to support this. How does traditional cultural values come into conflict with modern values in the play? In the play, Miller explores both written and unwritten laws. Make 2 lists under these headings to see how many you can come up with. The conditions/difficulties faced by migrants be explored in this play. What are they? In what ways are physical, emotional/personal conflict explored in the play? How is the play resolved? Is this a satisfactory cloture? 4. Eddie has rather strict old-world notions of decorum. Find some evidence to support this. Eddie is a larger-than-life figure he is authoritative, willful, dogmatic and energetic. In relative to his wife, Beatrice, and with the out side world, he is serenely masterful. Eddie is a man with a rather thin surface of good humour underneath, he is quarrelsome and authoritative. Although he loves Catherine he expects her to live according to his expectations. Eddie appears to be completely satisfied with the way his family is at the beginning of the play it is the possibility of change that upsets him. Eddie is prepared to believe, and say, anything that will cover the family together, to maintain the integrity of his family life and the relationship he has with Catherine. In the give the axe Eddie pictures himself as a generous extrovert, and he is wiling to fight to the death to preserve his found for liberalism and honour, whose limitations have been exposed by his behavior towards the family. In Act I, in the last few scenes, Eddie tries to assert an authoritative manner upon Marco and Rodolpho, aiming the threats mostly at Rodolpho. In one scene Eddie points out to them that Catherine is coming in later than usually that she should be home at a certain time, thereby setting rules for her and Rodolpho. on that point is also the homosexuality theme, which is play on by Eddie he tries t o convince others that Rodolpho is gay so that Catherine will stay away from him, but in the end he betrays the cousins and everyone loses the respect they have for him. 6. How does traditional cultural values come into conflict with modern values in the play? In the play I believe Eddie is the symbol for the traditional cultural values, while Rodolpho is with the modern, young values.

Mapping the Future Essay -- Cartography Technology Computers Essays

purpose the Future Technology and computers have revolutionized many of the aspects of our lives. Many professions and businesses have employ applied science to their advantage and on the whole changed industries. One profession that has drastically changed because of computers and technology is cartography or functionmaking. The impact of technology on geographic information and mapmaking has led to new techniques and skills for these presently computer-based jobs and c arers. New technologies such as geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the Global Positioning System (GPS) have emerged in mapmaking. There are also new Internet-based map services including MapQuest and MapBlast as well as other digital maps. Before analyzing the effects that technology has on mapmaking, it is important to bring in some of the history of maps. Hundreds of historic period ago, maps were drawn by hand and much of the work had to be done manually. In ancient Gree ce , philosophers came up with the idea of geographics and that was where the foundations of maps were created. Information about geographics is very crucial in designing a map and at this time methods of mapmaking were very primitive. Over a thousand years ago, chinaware navigated its surrounding waters and was able to create the most accurate maps at the time (Knox 12). Exploration was on the rise in the 1500s because of Europeans discovery of America and maps were needed by these empires. In the next few centuries, mapmaking became more accurate because of the ever-expanding knowledge of information about geography. As the methods of mapmaking improved during the years forward to the 20th century, advancements were made in cartography in terms of measurem... ...duced and more common because the ability to produce them has become easier. Computers and technology have definitely had significant, exacting effects on mapmaking and cartography. Work s Cited Knox, P. L. & Marston, S. A. Places and Regions in Global Context Human Geography. Upper Saddle River , NJ Pearson Education, Inc., 2003. Chrisman, Nicholas Exploring Geographic Information Systems. New York , NY can Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2002 Hafner, Katie. Adventures in Driving, Via Web Map. The New York Times. C-1 Jan. 16, 2003 . Davis, Bruce GIS A Visual Approach. Florence , KY Onword Press, 2001. DiBiase, David. Understanding Geographic Data. ESRI Virtual Campus Retrieved 10 Apr 2003 . Kaplan, Elliott. Understanding GPS Principles and Applications. Norwood , MA Artech House, 1996. Mapping the Future Essay -- Cartography Technology Computers EssaysMapping the Future Technology and computers have revolutionized many of the aspects of our lives. Many professions and businesses have used technology to their advantage and completely changed industries. One profession that has drastically changed because of computers and tech nology is cartography or mapmaking. The impact of technology on geographic information and mapmaking has led to new techniques and skills for these now computer-based jobs and careers. New technologies such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the Global Positioning System (GPS) have emerged in mapmaking. There are also new Internet-based map services including MapQuest and MapBlast as well as other digital maps. Before analyzing the effects that technology has on mapmaking, it is important to understand some of the history of maps. Hundreds of years ago, maps were drawn by hand and much of the work had to be done manually. In ancient Greece , philosophers came up with the idea of geography and that was where the foundations of maps were created. Information about geography is very crucial in designing a map and at this time methods of mapmaking were very primitive. Over a thousand years ago, China navigated its surrounding waters and was able to create the most accurate maps at the time (Knox 12). Exploration was on the rise in the 1500s because of Europeans discovery of America and maps were needed by these empires. In the next few centuries, mapmaking became more accurate because of the ever-expanding knowledge of information about geography. As the methods of mapmaking improved during the years prior to the 20th century, advancements were made in cartography in terms of measurem... ...duced and more common because the ability to produce them has become easier. Computers and technology have definitely had significant, positive effects on mapmaking and cartography. Works Cited Knox, P. L. & Marston, S. A. Places and Regions in Global Context Human Geography. Upper Saddle River , NJ Pearson Education, Inc., 2003. Chrisman, Nicholas Exploring Geographic Information Systems. New York , NY John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2002 Hafner, Katie. Adventures in Driving, Via Web Map. The New York Times. C-1 Jan. 16, 2003 . Davis, Bruce GIS A Visual Approach. Florence , KY Onword Press, 2001. DiBiase, David. Understanding Geographic Data. ESRI Virtual Campus Retrieved 10 Apr 2003 . Kaplan, Elliott. Understanding GPS Principles and Applications. Norwood , MA Artech House, 1996.

Tips on Writing :: Literature

Tips on WritingThere are many different aspects to consider when writing a paper. In order to find the readers attention, the topic or thesis has to be of interest. Choosing a title appropriate for the hear is also important. Detail and proper structure are also important. These things shake together to make a skilful essay. The title of an essay is important to the way a reader views the essay. Some titles turn the reader off to the article. In the definition essay we chose, The Value of Honesty, the title explains that the article is about honesty and that honesty is being valued. Our second essay, Unlikely Learning, lets the reader know what the essay is about. It talks about the learning a student experiences in unexpected places. Athenian Adventure is a good title because the essay is full of the adventures of a daylight in Athens. The fourth essay we chose was a narrative, Blue Band Emotional High. This was a good title because it explained the feeling of being chosen a s a band member. We think the titles of the essays we chose were good indicators of what the essays were about. Along with capturing the readers attention, coming up with an appropriate title and adding plenty of detail, a well-written essay has to have the proper structure. Structure consists of an ingress paragraph, several body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Examples of besotted structure can be seen in Blue Band Emotional High. In this essay, the writer uses a strong thesis sentence to build her body paragraphs upon. she writes, The proudest moment of my life was when I became a member. The following body paragraphs go on to describe the rigorous practice, the suspicion of waiting in the trampled field waiting for her name to be called, and then finally hearing it over the megaphone declaring her a member of the band. Without this kind of structure the essay wouldnt even be worth reading. All in all, structure is an extremely important element, if not the most important to good essay writing. A good piece of writing has to keep the audience interested and entertained. If its hard to keep ones attention on writing, the reader wont fully comprehend it. It would be hard to have every reader interested in ones writing, so one should appeal to a certain audience.

Contradicting Character of The Sniper Essay -- The Sniper

Contradicting Character of The SniperIn this Irish war we have two sides, but this drop also be reflected in the two sides within the Sniper himself. The Sniper seems experienced yet amateur, heatless yet emotional, lusting for war yet hating it, self-assured yet vulnerable, and clear-minded yet mad he is a support contradiction. The Sniper exhibits qualities that are both experienced and amateur. OFlaherty describes the Sniper as a man who is used to looking at death, from which we can infer that the sniper has seen many deaths, since a person who is exposed frequently to death gradually grows senseless to it. In the passage, There was a flash and a bullet whizzed over his head. He dropped immediately., we can tell from the dropped immediately that the sniper has exceedingly quick reflexes, something usually apparent in those who are experienced in the techniques of war. By contrast, the Sniper also possesses many traits of an amateur soldier. He is described as having the face of a student, and had been fasting because he was too excited to eat. The word student has the connotation of one who is young, inexperienced, and serene learning, while his excitement implies that this fighting was new to him, because most people tend to be excited at new experiences. Furthermore, when passage states that as he hear the enemy car draw nearer his heart beat faster, which is another portrayal of his eagerness and desire to fight. Thus we see a discrimination in the Snipers character, which is both experienced and amateur. Another contradiction with the Sniper is that he is both apathetic and emotional. OFlaherty described his eyes as having a cold gleam, and cold has the connotation of lacking feeling. In the scen... ...his mental strain grows as in the midst of anger he laughs, although he has no reason out to laugh what we picture as a maniacal laugh. Moreover, the sniper was drunk Taking the flask from his pocket, he emptied it at a draught. He felt reckless beneath the influence of the spirit. The feeling of recklessness combines with his already crazy state of maniacal laughing to portray a sniper that has gone quite mad. In conclusion, the Sniper is, interestingly, a complete contradiction in himself. He is both experienced and amateur, cold and emotional, lusting after war and hating it, self-assured and vulnerable, and logical and mad. This stark paradox may bring into being much of the inner conflict that goes on within the Sniper, and also reflects the outer conflict of the Irish war- a war where both sides are essentially contend parts of the same whole.