The Global Financial Crisis on India Essay - 2493 Words

Why do you think India remained relatively insulated from the financial crises? The contagion is truly global in a globalized world. How can the high priests of globalization in India expect to insulate the country from this all-pervasive crisis? - By S. Shivaraman It is not right to say that a country is insulated from financial crisis in today’s globalized world. In some way or the other there will be an effect of failed programme of one country on the other. The moment we say that we are global (global meaning when we do not have any restriction on transactions with other geography’s), we become non-insulated to the†¦show more content†¦Indian economy has been affected by the financial crisis but the effect is less for which there exists various reasons. But it does not mean that it is not affected at all, the individual areas show the effect of these financial crises in the economy. In this paper I will write about the reason for both why the effect was less and the areas which were affected by the financial crisis and how. â€Å"At the outset, it must be admitted that the abundant caution exercised by the former RBI Governor, Dr. Y. V. Reddy and going slow on opening up new complex financial products helped to insulate the country’s from a major financial crisis† . There have been reflective discussions on the effects of the Global Financial Crisis on India. Facts tell us that while the world economy seemed to be collapsing in 2008/09, India’s GDP expanded by 6.7%. The Federal Bank and the Bank of England cut their policy rates to rock-bottom levels to 0.25% and 0.50% respectively . This action was a means of adopting an expansionary monetary policy in pursuit of enhancing economic activity and investment amongst consumers and firms. At every Central Bank meeting, during the past 2 years, we saw governors extremely concerned about the recession. They did whatever they could to pick up the economy and boost consumer confidence. When interest rates reached their minimum levels, their hands were tied and they needed to look for another tool. Over theShow MoreRelatedThe Global Financial Crisis Of India1441 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: The Global financial sector had seen one of the worst Global economic meltdown of staggering proportions. The root cause of the problem was substandard loans offered to a large number of customers with inadequate income by the United States Mortgage market. This crisis was commonly known as the Sub-prime crisis. These sub-prime mortgages were packaged and traded into securitized paper investments and were sold by the major financial institutions across the globe. Subsequently, theseRead MoreGlobal Financial Crisis and Its Impact on India4465 Words   |  18 PagesGLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS AND ITS IMPACT ON INDIA Abstract: The effects of the global financial crisis have been more severe than initially forecast. By virtue of globalization, the moment of financial crisis hit the real economy and became a global economic crisis; it was rapidly transmitted to many developing countries. India too is weathering the negative impact of the crisis. There is, however, an important difference between the crisis in the advanced countries and the developments in IndiaRead MoreWhy India Recovered Quickly From The 2008 Global Crisis Essay1594 Words   |  7 PagesWhy India recovered quickly from the 2008 global crisis? Vivek Shah MBA AF 629 December 12, 2016 Introduction It’s the most heard term about the global economy in the recent years and it’s the year we have been always hearing about its 2008. We all have been a part of it in some or the other way and all the major economies had been affected by the global turmoil which eventually lead to the worst situation after the Great depression of 1929. The sub-prime crisis in USA which lead to great recessionRead MoreFiscal Policy And Fiscal Policies1046 Words   |  5 Pagesas Global Financial Crisis of 2008.Many countries enacted lots of stimulus plans related to fiscal policy in order to cope with the Global Financial Crisis of 2008. Among those India also adopted many different new techniques of fiscal policy in order to survive during the Global Financial Crisis of 2008. India is a federal democratic country located in South Asia region of the world. As of now it is the second most populous country with over 1.2 billion population. The fiscal policy of India isRead MoreTata Motor Essay1149 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Case 2 Tata Motors 1. Describe the economic characteristics of the global motor vehicle industry. The 2008 financial crisis began in the American subprime mortgage crisis, eventually evolved into a global financial crisis. Most countries because of the impact of the financial crisis, leading to a sharp slowdown in consumer’s vehicle demand. Also, because of the financial crisis, the global motor vehicle industry experienced a full-scale market competition. Some small car companies to be phasedRead MoreGlobal Crisis1656 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal crisis occurs due to financial crisis and economic crisis. These are nothing but risk that could threaten humankind as a whole or even cause the end of planet Earth. A financial crisis is a situation where money demand quickly rises relative to money supply. A stock market crash is an example for this. Whereas economic crisis refers to the economic down of countries all over the world. They are going down in -ve zone. Global economy has become a hot topic for international forumsRead MoreCompany : The Global Economy1299 Words   |  6 PagesCOMPANY’S POSITION IN THE EVOLVED GLOBAL ECONOMY Since the company’s commencement in 1969, the multinational cooperation has always aimed to be a market leader. To achieve this, they have not stuck to one particular field to enhance their business, but into virtually all sectors of business so as to maximise on market opportunities and bring out top class results. With the widespread phenomenon of globalization, the company has been at par with all other leading Australian as well as internationalRead MoreAnalysis of â€Å"the Global Financial Crisis: Causes, Effects, Policies and Prospects† Dominick Salvatore, Journal of Politics Society, Columbia University1110 Words   |  5 Pages Analysis of â€Å"The Global Financial Crisis: Causes, Effects, Policies and Prospects† Dominick Salvatore, Journal of Politics Society, Columbia University June 2010 Marija Nikolic December 2012 Global financial crises has brought into focus debate about decisions made by the countries which are leading economic forces, making them to reconsider past living standards and habits. With the aim to examine the causes, effects, policies and prospects for the financial crisis D.Salvatore publishedRead MoreBriefly Compare the Political Regime Type in China and India. Which of the Two Would You Prefer to Do Business in and Why?1478 Words   |  6 Pagespolitical regime type in China and India. Which of the two would you prefer to do business in and why? India and China are two republics that have experienced very opposing political regimes throughout history. China has been fundamentally stable country with a lack of a distinct authority figure (Desai, 2003). Being a single party state China has been controlled by the Chinese Communist Party since the 5th National Congress held in 1927 (Wang, 2013). Correspondingly India, have always been a federalRead MoreNational Income Trend in India1504 Words   |  7 PagesANALYSIS OF INDIA (1950-2013) India is home to 1.24 billion people, which is about 17.5 per cent of the global population. The Indian economy is the 12th largest in USD exchange rate terms. India is the second fastest growing economy in the world. However, it accounts for only 2.98 per cent of world GDP in US dollar terms and 5.0 per cent in purchasing power parity (ppp) terms. Hence, there exists a huge potential for catch up. The global welfare too is linked to progress in India as reflected

Amory Blaine A True American Character - 1586 Words

[Student’s Name] [Instructor’s Name] [Course Title] 25 October 2014 Amory Blaine: A True American Character One of the major characteristics of a great novel is its potential to depict characters that are representative of a specific society, its ideology, its conventions, and its worldview. Analyzing from the perspective of characterization, F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel â€Å"This Side of Paradise† should be considered as one of the greatest novels ever written in the realm of American literature because emphasizing on the development of the central protagonist’s character in the novel it can be found that it is a typical representation of the American ideology and the American philosophy. The main character of the novel, Amory Blaine is the true representation of the frustrations and dilemmas faced by the American youths in the post-First World War American society. The central protagonists reflect all those obscurities that were actually faced by the American youth in the concerned period and that is one reason why the character of Amory Blaine can be considered as a typical American one. One must note that Amory Blaine â€Å"stands for the All American young man, feeling disillusioned and alienated in his own country, in the aftermath of World War 1† (â€Å"This Side of Paradise, OR, The Dark Side of the American Dream in the 20s†). The 1920s were a time of contradictions for myriads of Americans. On one hand, this was the time when America was roaring forward towards the path ofShow MoreRelatedF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby1845 Words   |  8 Pagesdid not get published; which impacted his life. So, because of this circumstance, Fitzgerald ca me up with another accomplishment to achieve in his life. He wanted to accompany the United States Army to fight in WWI (Mangum). During his life as an American soldier, Fitzgerald was ranked to a second lieutenant, met the love of his life, Zelda Sayre, and contrived his first known recorded written draft that is known to be titled The Romantic Egotist. Later in Fitzgerald s life, He was acknowledged forRead MoreThis Side Of Paradise By F. Scott Fitzgerald1631 Words   |  7 PagesWhat makes Amory Blaine uniquely American in the novel â€Å"This Side of Paradise† In the novel, â€Å"This Side of Paradise† authored by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Amory Blain is portrayed as a protagonist who searches his identity by looking at those people that he admires. However, these people block him from finding his true self. He appears to be more vacuous and relies mostly on his breathtaking handsomeness and his wealth in order to get well with life. The novel begins by describing the family backgroundRead MoreResearch Paper F Scott Fitzgerald2343 Words   |  10 PagesThe Unsatisfied American Dream As Florence King once said, â€Å"People are so busy dreaming the American Dream, fantasizing about what they could be or have a right to be, that theyre all asleep at the switch. This quote symbolizes the simple fact that the American Dream is impossible for someone to ever attain because people are to busy dreaming about what others have, that they fail to recognize what they themselves already have attained. The American author F. Scott Fitzgerald has had an unprecedentedRead MoreAnalysis Of F. Scott Fitzgerald953 Words   |  4 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was an American author who was known for his novels that generally take place during the Jazz Age after World War I. His use of similes add deeper imagery and to emphasize certain descriptions that are necessary to understand in his distinctive writing style. Fitzgerald incorporated a lot of his own personal life into his works; his struggles with alcoholism, mental disorders and marital problems are generally thrown into almos t all his novels. Many of his stories can be readRead MoreThe American Dream in The Great Gatsby and This Side of Paradise1382 Words   |  6 PagesFitzgerald is one of the all time greatest American authors solely of the fact that his works displayed â€Å"The American Dream.† This brings up an excellent question: What was or what is â€Å"The American Dream†? The American Dream is to achieve - To achieve greatness, higher social ranking, wealth, a family, happiness in first class. The idea of it is supposed to be that when you work hard, your hard work will then pay off in the end. But more importantly, The American dream is a personal feeling. It is whenRead MoreThis Side of Paradaise by F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay1414 Words   |  6 PagesWho is Amory Blaine? It seems, in certain ways that Amory serves as the quintessential portrait of the American youth, always struggling between individuality and the desire for acceptance. But also we get glimpses of situations in which he seems to be the embodiment of America itself – of old European heritage, struggling with his uniqueness in a world where, to survive, he must fit in. Fitzgerald described the novel as a â€Å"quest novel† that focuses on Amory’s journey to self-understanding. The threeRead More This Side of Paradise and The Great Gatsby Essay1960 Words   |  8 Pages F. Scott Fitzgerald’s writings largely focus on the American aristocracy during the 1920s. The ‘20s became alternatively known as â€Å"the Jazz Age,† a term coined by Fitzgerald with connotations encompassing the prosperity, frivolity, and decadence of the upper class. The atmosphere and mindset of lavish excess are preserved in the plots and characters of Fitzgerald’s writings. Although Fitzgerald’s protagonists are wealthy, there is a noticeable distinction between those who come from â€Å"old

Stock Market Liberalization Free Essays

Even though you are allowed to work together in groups, you should independently be able to attempt to discuss all of the issues yourself. Therefore, you should read through each case in detail. Note the central issues the case addresses. We will write a custom essay sample on Stock Market Liberalization or any similar topic only for you Order Now Analyze these Issues using any relevant techniques and tools along with your common sense. What are the â€Å"key drivers†?. Note down the recommendations you would make and how you would Implement them. It Is important to note any Limitations, risks and uncertainty that your recommendations entail. If you get stuck try and note down why you are stuck: what is the problem that is causing you to be unable to move forward. You should work on the case in groups after you have studied the case individually. Examine the set of questions that are assigned to the case. The point of these questions is to set you on the right track. You should not feel that the questions constrain your analysis. Indeed, It Is often not enough to simply answer the questions posed, but to go deeper into the issues and problems. Always try and think about how a manager who aims to maximize shareholder wealth would achieve that goal. How to cite Stock Market Liberalization, Papers

Paula Vogel no need for gravity Essay Example For Students

Paula Vogel: no need for gravity Essay Paula Vogels The Baltimore Waltz one of the most widely produced new American plays of recent seasonsconfronts the scourge of modern times obliquely, never mentioning AIDS in its 30 brief scenes. Instead, the playwright reimagines the absolute through fantasy. Anna, an elementary school teacher stricken with Acquired Toilet Disease, tours Europe with her brother while allowing her senses (and her sex life) unfettered indulgencesuntil her journey of the imagination and her brothers life come to quiet ends in a Baltimore hospital. Written for Vogels own brother, who died of AIDS in 1988, the play hurtles forward with the inexorable logic of a dream and the pressing urgency of a nightmare. Its impossible to talk about, let alone talk to, Paula Vogel without mentioning her breakthrough play. Although she has been writing for 20 years, Vogel must now, at 40, bear the burden of being perceived as an overnight successa newly romantic angle to a long career she has fashioned as an artist and educator. In addition to her ongoing duties as director of the MFA playwriting program at Brown University in Providence, R.I., Vogel has taught, and hopes to continue, a theatre workshop for women in the maximum security Adult Corrections Institute in Providence. In June, she added trustee to her list of titles when she joined the board of New Yorks Circle Repertory Companyfor several years one of two important homes (the other is Perseverance Theatre of Douglas, Alaska) for the development of her work. Not easy to decode   If you try to explore the boundaries of what youre doing, itll always take a gap in time until somebody decodes you, Vogel says with characteristic forthrightness about her late-blooming success. I couldnt understand why I wasnt being decoded; I thought I was speaking the language perfectly clearly. If Vogels plays defy easy decoding, it may be because they are stubborn, troubling, prickly thingsdifficult, certainly, but capable of great leaps and, like their author, firmly resistant to the predictable. Theatre is about structure and sequence, and not about words, Vogel avows. Once you go flying and trust that the net will be there, you suddenly realize that you dont need gravity at all. And Baby Makes Seven, an early play now having a belated premiere at Circle Rep (where it runs through May 16 with Peter Frechette, Cherry Jones and Mary Mara appearing under Gordon Edelsteins direction), covers the same absurdist terrain as Edward Albees Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf? The title characters are a lesbian couple, one of whom is pregnant, the man who has fathered the child, and three imaginary adolescents, all boys, who are portrayed by the two women. Structured without a hint of exposition, unencumbered by psychological analysis, And Baby Makes Seven progresses entirely through Vogels sly, edgy sense of situation and character. Her latest play, HotNThrobbing, provoked fierce audience reactions last October when Anne Bogart (who directed the premiere of The Baltimore Waltz at Circle Rep, and for whom Vogel wrote the new play) directed a workshop production for the Circle Rep Lab; writing about domestic abuse, pornography and desire, Vogel blurred the line between representation and endorsement in a way that proved both discomforting and challenging. Virtually every playwright will profess to be more interested in questions than answers, and Vogel is no exceptionalthough that statement is as close as she comes to a cliche. This is a racist, misogynist, homophobic society, and after a while it becomes the air you inhale, she says. Im not an academic who believes in a cure. I dont believe in fixing plays. I believe we have to get out there and write flawed plays that disturb everybody, and change the atmosphere. .u75a92594696be4d6ffc859beb1802afc , .u75a92594696be4d6ffc859beb1802afc .postImageUrl , .u75a92594696be4d6ffc859beb1802afc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u75a92594696be4d6ffc859beb1802afc , .u75a92594696be4d6ffc859beb1802afc:hover , .u75a92594696be4d6ffc859beb1802afc:visited , .u75a92594696be4d6ffc859beb1802afc:active { border:0!important; } .u75a92594696be4d6ffc859beb1802afc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u75a92594696be4d6ffc859beb1802afc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u75a92594696be4d6ffc859beb1802afc:active , .u75a92594696be4d6ffc859beb1802afc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u75a92594696be4d6ffc859beb1802afc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u75a92594696be4d6ffc859beb1802afc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u75a92594696be4d6ffc859beb1802afc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u75a92594696be4d6ffc859beb1802afc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u75a92594696be4d6ffc859beb1802afc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u75a92594696be4d6ffc859beb1802afc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u75a92594696be4d6ffc859beb1802afc .u75a92594696be4d6ffc859beb1802afc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u75a92594696be4d6ffc859beb1802afc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hard Times have credibility EssayFor a while, institutional theatre felt it had to fix plays and do plays that were safe, Vogel continues. In the 1980s, we had a decade of good but harmless work, because people could afford the status quo. Now, the shrinking of our ambition and our stages is leading to the elimination of our stages. We have to take risks or we will closeonly by having unlimited imagination are we going to be able to keep going. If the only time Ill get produced is with a three-character play, then how do I create the world with three characters? We get backed into corners, and all our handicaps have to become gifts of exclusion. Vogel is critical but fair-minded about the economic concerns that can influence the operations of todays resident theatres. How can you be rational and courageous at the same time, as a producer in the nonprofit theatre? she questions. There are no villains in this scenario. Its the apparatus that is failing all of us. Her success in the major institutional theatres now allows her access to the opportunities accorded star playwrights, but that success has been achieved only recently, and she is keenly aware of the doors that remained closed during her journey. As a lesbian who writes plays, moreover, Vogel is acutely sensitive to issues of representation. (I do not write lesbian plays, she states firmly. I will not speak for all women, and I will not speak for all lesbians.) She does speak as a passionate advocate for the virtues of a nonhierarchical community of artists. My real frustration, she reveals, is figuring out how we can best share all the resources of acting and directing, because thats what develops the new playwrights. Listen as much as talk   At Brown, Vogel balances philosophy with the practical necessities of education. This is my feeling about teaching: Im training people to be my colleagues. Anyone who writes in my class and puts their hearts into it, I will support, encourage and love, period. But I also have to say, Im not fond of this play or that play, heres why, and this is what my bias is.' If any single quality underscores Vogels approach to theatre, it may be her desire to push the boundaries of expectation. As a trustee, for instance, she has the opportunity to help influence the power-based structure often linked to play development. A lot of people think playwrights are isolated eggheads who sit down and think pure thoughts filled with righteous anger, Vogel says with impatience. Every playwright I know has been an actor, or director, or producer, or grants writer or arts administrator. You cant write plays in a vacuum. You have to know how the system works, and we need to find new ways to produce plays. All boards need artists to listen as much as to talk, and trustees to listen as much as to talk. There are ways of being creative and artistic with a budget, with a vision. It takes incredible courage to do that. All Im hoping is that well share our convictions. A generous woman who repeatedly acknowledges those who have influenced her work (among them Maria Irene Fornes and John Guare), Vogel propounds the virtues of openness and inclusion. I dont believe theres any such thing as the universal in theatre anymore; whats universal is the fact that youve got a collection of people sitting in the theatre at one given moment who have to unravel the play for themselves.

Prestige Telephone Company free essay sample

Bradley felt only more time was needed but Rowe felt action was necessary to reduce the drain on company resources. The subsidiary was originally established as a mechanism by which high and nonregulated returns could be used to boost the profits as well as to provide the computer services. Since the Public Service Commission had encouraged public utilities to seek new sources of revenue as a step toward deregulation and to reduce the need for rate increases which higher costs would bring, the PDS had begun selling computer time not needed by the parent company to other businesses. However, Public Service Commision restricted that the average monthly charge for service by the subsidiary to the parent not exceed $82,000, which was the estimated cost of equivalent services used by the parent company in 1994. By the end of 1996, income of Prestige Telephone Company was low enough giving the lowest return on investment. Rowe felt it was time to reassess Prestige Data Services. We will write a custom essay sample on Prestige Telephone Company or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Bradley on the other hand asked for more time as she felt the subsidiary would be profitable by the end of the first quarter of 1997. But when the quarterly reports came, the three months ended March 1997 all reported a loss. Rowe resolved to study the subsidiary’s operations and assess its performance first before deciding whether PDS be closed down or sold. II. Problem Statement Based on the subsidiary’s current performance and quarterly reports, should Prestige Telephone Company discontinue the operations of its subsidiary? If not, how can Ms. Bradley prove that Prestige Data Services is still profitable despite its losses and can contribute that much to the company, n order to avoid the top management from what other measures should the company take in order to lead the subsidiary into having profits in the near future. III. Methodology First, an analysis of the current reports have been made in order to understand the nature of the subsidiary’s expenses and revenue. Costs were identified and classified for decision-making. Then an incremental cost-benefit analysis was done to weigh whether it would be more beneficial for the company to discontinue the subsidiary’s operations . Also, various alternative courses of action and scenarios were laid down aside from shutting it down and effects of these courses of actions were also assessed whether it would contribute profits for the subsidiary. Lastly, recommendations were given on how to redesign the reporting system in order to have the most relevant presentation of figures needed in decision-making for the top management. IV. Analysis To discontinue or not? By using incremental cost analysis, it is determined that the company would be better off if they would continue operating its subsidiary rather than to sell or shut it down. Both alternatives would incur losses however shutting it down would result to larger amounts of losses which includes the costs needed to outsource the data services and the contribution margin forgone from the subsidiary. Based on the first quarter reports of PDS, space, equipment costs (not including power), and salaries and the fixed portion of expenses the subsidiary incur every month. On the other hand, power and operation wages vary according to the use of computers. The overall cost of running Prestige Data service is quite high as the expenses are more than the revenue thus incurring net losses for the first quarter of 1997. In analyzing the cost-benefit of discontinuing the subsidiary, only the variable costs are relevant and will be considered as well as the opportunity costs. -DISCUSS EXCEL- Also, the non-cancelable leases on computer equipment has still four more years to run. If the company would discontinue the subsidiary, they will still have to pay for the lease without earning revenues from them. In addition to, the bottomline for the month of March would happen to be a profit if the depreciation is added back, giving a hint that the subsidiary can give inflows to the company and that time may still be needed to prove its profitability. To conclude, there is no need for the company to discontinue the operations of its subsidiary. How can the subsidiary be more profitable? CVP analysis Variable costs include power, operations wages, materials and sales promotions. Needed hours per month to breakeven? Sensitivity analysis a. ncrease price, decrease demand b. decrease price, increase demand c. increase promotions, increase demand d. 2 shifts (16 hours) rather than operating at 24 hours V. Conclusion and Recommendations It is therefore concluded that there is no need for the Prestige Telephone Company to discontinue its subsidiary, the Prestige Data Services, as it is promising to bring the company profits and savings. With just the right changes in relevant factors such as price s and variable costs, the subsidiary can make it to have positive bottomlines. It is recommended for the management of PDS to prepare a statement of cashflows in order to assess the actual inflow or outflow of cash from the subsidiary. Also, the financial statements can also be presented with the contribution margin the subsidiary brings. It would also be helpful if both the balance sheets of the parent company and subsidiary are shown for better analysis. With the decision to continue the subsidiary, it is also recommended to assess again its profitability after four years or when the computer leases has already expired. Prestige Telephone Company free essay sample Prestige Telephone Company Scott Johnson, Nicole Phillips, Ashton Shuler, Brandy Watts February 25th, 2014 Group Contributions Responded to all texts, discussion boards, and emails Participated in online chat and conference call Answered question 3 Provided the framework of how the case would be set up Suggested new ideas for later projects on how to discuss our topic Responded to all texts, discussion boards, and emails Participated in online chat and conference call Answered question 2 Set up a conference call, but we could not all attend, so we decided on a later time Came up with the idea we all should write a short conclusion for each question to make it easier to write a bigger one at the end of the case Responded to all texts, discussion boards, and emails Participated in online chat and conference call Answered question 4 Formatted the case into the format needed Set up the FaceBook message we used to check in with each other and share ideas Responded to all texts, discussion boards, and emails Participated in online chat and conference call Answered question 1 Set up a conference call where we confirmed what question each person would answer Made sure everyone was up to speed on what the individual expectations of the group would be QUESTIONS 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Prestige Telephone Company or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ) Appraise the results of operations of Prestige Data Services. Is the subsidiary really a problem to Prestige Telephone Company? Consider carefully the differences between reported costs and costs relevant for decisions that Daniel Rowe is considering. In deciding whether Prestige Data Services is a problem to Prestige Telephone Company, we must look at the benefits and costs that are associated with both the company as a whole and as separate functioning parts. While the subsidiary looks to show a loss while standing on its own, it was initially created to provide services to the parent company. The benefits that it provides to the parent company allow them to operate at a lower cost of service. When we look at the shared costs that the data company and the telephone company have (accounting, payroll, etc) we have to remember that if the data company was not there, the costs of the shared services would be completely associated to the telephone company. Also, the services that the data company provides are at a much lower cost to the telephone company. It is hard to look at the activities in the two companies separately because they are dependent upon one another for services and that is why the subsidiary was created initially. Prestige Data Services allows Prestige Telephone Services to reduce their costs in two ways – shared expenses and reduced supply chain costs. From this point of view, the subsidiary is not a problem for the parent company; it is a benefit to them. 2. ) Assuming the company demand for service will average 205 hours per month, what level of commercial sales of computer use would be necessary to break even each month? In order to determine the level of commercial sales of computer use needed to break even each month, we had to start by determining and separating the companies fixed and variable costs in order to apply the break even calculation: Contribution margin 🙠 800-4. 53-80. 13) = $715. 34 Since the Prestige Telephone Company has an agreement with the Prestige Service Commission (PSC) to cover $82,000 of the total costs, we had to consider their contribution when calculating the breakeven point: (total FC) – [(PSC contribution) – (average monthly hours of demand*VC / unit)] / Contribution Margin FC = (9240+95000+5400+25500+680+12000+9000+11200+7677+15340) = 191,037 191,037–[(82,000–(205*84. 66)] = 176. 69 hour By taking the 176. 69 hours times the $800 per hour for commercial sales would = $141,532 in sales needed each month in order for the company to break even. 3. ) Estimate the effect on income of each of the options Rowe has suggested if Bradley estimates as follows: a. Increasing the price to commercial customers to $1,000 per hour would reduce demand by 30%. In March 2003, demand was for 138 hours, and a 30% reduction would put demand at 97 hours (138 hours x . 70 = 96. 6 hours). $5 Variable Op. wages + $25 Fixed Op. Wages = $30 (Power) Demand x Contribution per hour = Contribution 97 hours x ($1,000 $30) = $94,090 Compared to present 138 hours x ($800 $30) = $106,260 The monthly contribution to fixed costs and income at $800 is greater by $12,170 than the contribution expected at $1,000. Therefore, income will be greater if we retain the $800/hour price to commercial customers. b. Reducing the price to commercial customers to $600 per hour would increase demand by 30%. In March 2003, demand was 138 hours for commercial customers, so a 30% increase would put demand at: 179 hours (138 hours x 1. 30 = 179. 4 hours). 179 hours x ($600 $30) = $102,030 Compared to present contribution of $106,260, a price reduction would reduce income by $4,230 per month. c. Increased promotion would increase sales by up to 30%. Bradley is unsure how much promotion this would take. (How much could be spend and still leave Prestige Data Services with no reported loss each month if commercial hours were increased 30%? ) This increase would also move the hours up to 179 hours per month. At $800 per hour, the total contribution would be: 179 hours x ($800 $30) = $137,830 An amount up to the difference between this new contribution and the present contribution of $106,260 or $31,570 could be spent without reducing income. d. Reducing operations to 16 hours on weekdays and eight hours on Saturdays would result in a loss of 20 of commercial revenue hours. Reducing hours would reduce demand for commercial revenue hours by 20%, from 138 hours to 110 hours. At that level, the total contribution would be: 110 hours x ($800 $30) = $84,700 or $21,560 less than current costs. A loss of $21,560 would not offset the savings of variable costs each month. 4.  ) Can you suggest changes in the accounting and reporting system now used for operations of Prestige Data Services which would result in more useful information for Rowe and Bradley? Clearly seen in the case, Prestige Data Services has chosen to use the absorption costing method. The variable costs and the fixed costs are all mixed in through the different categories of costs. When you use absorption costi ng, you do not get the true value of your expenses when it comes to an internal point of view. The operations and power costs need to be set apart from the rest of the costs. As of right now, there is an excess of power and operations costs that are not being used. This excess of expenses takes away from the revenues, but really nothing is being used. The best option for Prestige Data Services is to switch to a simple allocation based costing model. By switching to the ABC method, Prestige Data services will be able to allocate the variable costs accordingly. They will not be reporting costs that are not even being used. The switch will also help set a proper price to clients and to their parent company Prestige Telephone Company. Prestige Telephone Company free essay sample They provide data services, data processing and computer services to commercial companies as well as to Prestige Telephone Company. The data services company was supposed to be profitable by March of 2003. They have been unable to do so. It is up to Mr. Rowe to convince Ms. Bradley to allow Prestige Data Services to stay in business. In order to assist with the preparation of this meeting, we have reviewed several scenarios to decide about the future of the subsidiary. Assessment of Strategies The subsidiary has failed to show a positive net income for the first quarter of 2003. It has also failed to keep the monthly computer usage billed to the telephone company under the promised $82,000 per month. Granted, February did show fewer revenues, however, it is a shorter month and therefore fewer billable hours available. In light of the continued net losses, we feel that the subsidiary is a problem to the telephone company and they will continue to be so unless significant changes are made. We will write a custom essay sample on Prestige Telephone Company or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If we assume that the telephone service demand will continue to average 205 hours per month, the level of commercial sales of computer use necessary to break even each month will need to increase 27. 5 hours to 170 hours per month. This will increase the computer use revenue to $136,000. Assuming everything stayed the same as in March, this would allow them to break-even but not profit. He outlined four possible scenarios that might possibly make the subsidiary an asset to the company. The first scenario was increasing the price to commercial customer from $800 to $1000 per hour. The increased cost would reduce demand by 30%; from 132 average hours to 92. 4 hours per month. The monetary effect this would have would drop revenues to $92,400. This creates an elastic demand of 1. 2, which is unadvisable. Ed = . 3 / . 25 = 1. 2 An elastic demand shows that customers are more willing to leave and take their business elsewhere. Next, he looked at reducing the price to commercial customers from $800 per hour to $600 per hour. This reduction would increase demand by 30%; from 132 average hours per month to 171. 6 hours per month. The increased hours at $800 per month would only bring in $102,960. Even though this creates an inelastic demand (. 05) and increases customers, it is still below the revenue that is currently brought in. Ed = . 3 / -. 25 = . 05 This inelastic demand shows that customers are still willing to stay with the company at this reduced cost and it will attract new customers. Rowe determined that increased promotion would increase sales by up to 30%. We determined that increased sales of 30% would equal revenue of $137,280. The difference between the current revenue of 105,600 and forecasted revenue is $31,680 which, if added to the net loss in March, would give $10,242 net profit that could be spend on promotion and advertising (assuming all things stayed the same). Reducing operations from 24 hours to 16 hours on weekdays would result in a loss of 20% of commercial revenue hours. The current hours of 512 hours reduced by 20% would drop to about 410 hours. If we were to assume that a drop of 20% in hours would also mean a drop in variable costs it would still not be enough of a reduction in expenses to cover their net loss. (See Exhibit 1 for calculations). The changes to the accounting and reporting systems that are now used that we think should be made are accounting for the activities of the subsidiary separate from the parent company. We think that a more accurate picture of the revenues would be shown by showing the fees paid to the parent company as opposed to combining the payments to the parent company within the body of the financial statement. Conclusion After careful consideration of all the data and different scenarios proposed by Mr. Rowe, we have concluded that Prestige Data Services should not remain in business. It is apparent that they are unable to stay within the forecasted budget to charge to Prestige Telephone Company of $82,000. As well, they continue to show a considerable net loss month to month. Each scenario proposed did not show a sustainable formula for ongoing success and profitability.

Effects Of National Culture Essays

Effects Of National Culture Essays Effects Of National Culture Essay Effects Of National Culture Essay Since 1988. our universe has changed in a myriad of ways. As absolutisms have risen and fallen and new democracies have formed. the political civilization of our society is much different than in the old ages of the late Cold War. In add-on to political alterations. new engineerings. including the universe broad web and orbiter communications have allowed people in different states to pass on much more efficaciously. This research in this paper is really out-of-date. non taking into history the new market. trade Torahs. involvement rates. or other economical factors of today’s international concern universe. The article. The Effect of National Culture on the Choice of Entry Mode. was written in 1988 by Bruce Kogut and Harbir Singh. of the Stockholm School of Economics and the University of Pennsylvania. severally. The writers believed there were several agencies of entry into foreign markets. including joint ventures. entirely owned greenfield ( get down up ) investings. and by acquisition. The writers examined these methods in deepness and analyzed the agencies by which the concerns non merely started up. but operated in foreign markets every bit good. The writers reviewed statistics. informations. and literature. and formed hypothesis as to which methods were being used most. and in what industrial sector ( s ) . The first means that some concerns entered and operated in a foreign state is through the acquisitions method. The acquisitions method entails buying a sufficient sum of stock to command the primary portions of a certain company. This method might be considered buying out a foreign company already in being. However. as currency exchange rates and involvement rates fluctuate on a day-to-day footing. this would be trickier in today’s market. For illustration. 20 old ages ago. the dollar. the Nipponese hankering. the Canadian dollar. and the Indian Rupee were deserving really different sums. More significantly. the Euro was non in usage. as many of the states in Eastern Europe in peculiar. were under communist control. Today. as states have become more cognizant of these fluctuating rates. it might be harder or riskier to come in a market through the acquisitions method. In add-on. free trade Torahs and ordinances besides regulate who can purchase what and how much in a foreign market. The 2nd means is a joint venture method in which two or more houses portion the assets and net incomes of a certain company. Again. the same jobs might be as in the acquisitions method. with fluctuating currency exchange rates impacting net income. For illustration. if a concern operated in both China and the United States. as economic systems changed and foreign revenue enhancement Torahs changed. the company could fall under fiscal strain. The influence of house experience on entry pick has played a outstanding function in several of the surveies using the Harvard Multinational Enterprise Data Base. In their pioneering survey on the ownership construction of American transnational houses. Stopford and Wells [ 1972 ] found joint ventures. relation to entirely owned activities. were less likely to be chosen. the more cardinal the merchandise to the nucleus concern of the house and more experience the house had in the relevant state. Similarly. they found that selling and advertisement strength. every bit good as research and development strength. discouraged the usage of joint ventures. ( Kogut A ; Singh 1988 ) This mentality would do sense. as it is difficult to run a successful concern in one civilization. allow alone concern about selling. advertisement. and research costs. It besides would do sense that two states might non react the exact same manner to a concern program and selling techniques. The 3rd agencies of entry is a greenfield. or start-up. investing. wholly new to the foreign market. While some of the challenges of revenue enhancement Torahs. currency exchange. and involvement rates would besides impact this means. the biggest obstruction might be the cultural barriers. Although the universe is acquiring smaller each twenty-four hours thanks to the cyberspace and orbiter communications. 100s of linguistic communications and idioms are still spoken throughout the universe. This might take to a communications job if a alien attempted a greenfield investing. Besides linguistic communication barriers. selling and advertisement techniques would necessitate to be researched in order to be effectual in a new state. The writers argue that joint venture is about a cross between the two other methods. greenfield. and acquisitions. Many surveies. as discussed subsequently. hold treated greenfield and acquisition as stand foring alternate entry manners. with joint ventures being merely a inquiry of the grade of ownership. This attack implies that entry and ownership involve two consecutive determinations. the first make up ones minding whether to put in new installations or to get bing 1s. the 2nd 1 on how ownership should be shared. Whereas such an attack is clearly defendable on both theoretical and empirical evidences. we treat joint ventures as a pick made at the same time with other alternate manners of entry. ( Kogut A ; Singh 1988 ) For this ground. joint ventures can be described as a grey country in foreign concern acquisitions. For illustration. if a company bought out another 1. or merged with another company. while retaining some of the concern patterns and/or staff. it would likely be considered a joint venture. The writers theorize that Greenfield entry is the best manner. or at least that was what they believed in 1988. Due to the trouble of incorporating an already bing foreign direction. cultural differences are likely to be particularly of import in the instance of an acquisition. Indeed. empirical surveies on largely domestic acquisitions have shown that post-acquisition costs are significant and are influenced by what Jemison and Sitkin [ 1986 ] name the organisational tantrum of the two houses. They define organisational tantrum as the lucifer between administrative patterns. cultural patterns. and personal features of the mark and parent firms ( Jemison and Sitkin 1986. p. 1471. Gross saless and Mirvis [ 1984 ] papers in item the administrative struggles following an acquisition when both houses differ strongly in their corporate civilizations. In contrast to the integrating costs of an acquisition. a joint venture serves often the intent of delegating direction undertakings to local spouses who are better able to pull off the local labour force and relationships with providers. purchasers. and authoritiess [ Franko 1971 ; Stopford and Wells 1972 ] . Thus. a joint venture resolves the foreign partner’s jobs resulting from cultural factors. though at the cost of sharing control and ownership. Unquestionably. a joint venture is affected by the cultural distance between the spouses. But such struggle should non befog the original motive to take a joint venture because the-initial option of incorporating an acquisition appeared more riotous than deputing direction undertakings to a local spouse. Of class. a joint venture may be troubled non merely by the cultural distance of the spouses. but besides due to concerns over sharing proprietary assets. A entirely owned greenfield investing avoids both the costs of integrating and struggle over sharing proprietary assets by enforcing the direction manner of the investment house on the start-up while continuing full ownership. ( Kogut A ; Singh 1988 ) In 2008. concerns would confront some of the same challenges as in 1988. such as the cost of integrating. struggle of sharing proprietary assets. and administrative and direction differences. However. as more and more concerns have gone planetary. most states would hold contracts and attorneies specifying clear parametric quantities on such inside informations. The writers came to this decision by proving two hypothesis. The first focused on cultural differences. Kogut A ; singh ( 1988 ) said that. The greater the cultural distance when the state of the investment house and the state of entry. the more likely a house will take a joint venture or entirely owned greenfield over an acquisition. This hypothesis chiefly focused on the costs of running and pull offing a concern from a greater distance. The 2nd hypothesis as stated by Kogut A ; Singh ( 1988 ) stated that. The greater the civilization of the investment house is characterized by uncertainness turning away sing organisational patterns. the more likely that house will take a joint venture or entirely owned greenfield over an acquisition. As with all terra incognitas. a foreign company could non be expected to cognize the exact manner a concern and selling program would be executed and responded to in a foreign market. Basically. the information found that uncertainness was the chief ground companies tended to shy away from acquisitions and enter the market through a greenfield or joint venture method. This ground would still keep true today as the universe market fluctuates and recessions come and go. The surveies besides noted that the methods of entry into a peculiar market varied depending on the merchandise. service. or industry. There is a clear difference in industry forms among the manners of entry. Joint ventures are comparatively more frequent in pharmaceuticals. chemicals and electric and nonelectric machinery. Acquisitions occur chiefly in natural resources. fiscal services. and assorted fabrication industries. Chemical and electrical machinery are particularly attractive industries for greenfield investings. At a higher degree of collection. acquisitions tend to be comparatively more common than other manners of entry in nonmanufacturing sectors of the economic system. ( Kogut A ; Singh 1988 ) The article. since it was written 20 old ages ago. analyzed informations chiefly from the industrial sectors of resource. paper. chemical. crude oil. metal. gum elastic. machinery. electrical. transit. and instrumentality. It had some analysis of informations in communications. wholesale. fiscal. and other services. Now. in 2008. the list would include a batch of new informations for engineering. car. computing machines. and pharmaceuticals. to call a few. The list would besides be inclusive of client service outsourcing. a pattern common among many engineering and computing machine companies. Furthermore. new countenances have been imposed on some natural resources. It may non be possible. for illustration. for a foreign company to come in and command an oil field. a diamond mine. or a rain forest. Such companies might be required to work jointly with a company in the state they wish to make concern. therefore maintaining it a joint venture slightly. In 2008. any analysis of entry into foreign markets would besides advert the oil trade. and the complexnesss that accompany it. As the recent struggle in Iraq has shown us. cultural differences and political challenges may halter easy trade and puting up concern in a in-between eastern state. In the following few old ages. as new cars are developed to hopefully non be as oil-dependent. the market will alter yet once more. Another difference in cars are the inflow of foreign autos to the United States. and the continual race to develop the most fuel-efficient auto amongst rivals throughout the universe. The article analyzed informations chiefly from the United States. Western Europe. and Japan. It found differences based on these states. Again. there are strong differences among the manners of entry. For Japan. 46 of its 114 entries are joint ventures. Whereas Nipponese acquisitions are non common. Nipponese houses have a high proportion of the entirely owned Greenfield investings. Scandinavia and. particularly France. besides thin towards joint ventures. United Kingdom represents the other extreme ; 111 of its 141 entriesare acquisitions. with the balance equally divided between joint ventures and greenfield. ( Kogut A ; Singh 1988 ) Twenty old ages ago. the European Union was non in being and many Eastern European Countries were under communist regulation. therefore intending they had really different Torahs. ordinances. and concern patterns than they do today. The Euro was non yet a currency. so trading and making concern amongst European states was besides really different. Besides. the article makes small reference of a really new powerful force in the planetary market: China. As China has made enormous economic and technological additions in this decennary. it has begun to non merely rule the universe market. but besides branch out and make concern in foreign states. This relationship is mutual as European and American concerns are besides looking to come in the Chinese market at the same clip. Another point the article looked at which is really different today than 20 old ages ago is the size of concerns. They sought to understand whether or non larger concerns entered a market normally one manner. while smaller concerns did something else. Obviously. while larger houses may hold had more resources to get. smaller houses may hold had the flexibleness to make so more often. It stands to ground that the larger the investment house. the greater its ability to get. Despite the logic. the empirical grounds is assorted. Dubin [ 1975 ] found that smaller houses tended to get comparatively more often than big houses. though he did non command for other factors. In his cross-sectional trials. Wilson ( 1980 ) confirmed Dubin’s findings. However. these surveies drew upon entry informations of the largest corporations of the United States and other European states. Caves and Mehra [ I9861 survey did non curtail their attending to entries of the larger corporations. Their consequences showed that the size of the entering house is positively and significantly related to entry by acquisition over greenfield. Because acquisitions require by and large more fiscal and managerial resources than joint ventures. size of the foreign firm’s assets should be positively correlated with the inclination to get. Conversely. acquisitions are discouraged. the larger the assets of the American spouse. mark house. or investing size. ( Kogut A ; Singh 1988 ) In 2008. this may or non be the same. as houses in certain industries may hold grown and merged. while others may hold decreased in size and divide up into more specific companies. Besides. the loaning patterns and investing patterns are different today than they were 20 old ages ago. so a company may hold more ways through which to get start-up capital necessary for operating in a foreign market. The article besides examined why certain companies may come in a foreign market. Twenty old ages ago. non all states possessed the engineering. accomplishments. or resources needed for some concerns. This caused companies to come in foreign markets to acquire what they were missing in their ain state. The old empirical surveies have assumed. nevertheless. foreign entry was normally for the intent of market entree or low cost fabrication. Clearly. foreign entry into the United States may be motivated in order to beginning engineering or purchase trade name labels. The more diverse motivations of puting in the American economic system make it more hard to subscribe the structural variables. For illustration. houses from R A ; D-intensive industries might joint venture if they possess the needed engineerings but lack the selling deepness. Or they may be given to get if they are puting for engineering sourcing. Similarly. houses from marketing-intensive industries might prosecute in a joint venture if they possess the trade name label but deficiency other resources along the value-added concatenation. Or they may get if they are puting for market incursion and deficiency label acknowledgment. Stopford and Wells [ 1972 ] found that American houses prosecuting an advertising-intensive scheme be given to full ownership of their abroad subordinates. Their informations is drawn. nevertheless. from a clip when American houses were puting overseas with clear strategic advantages. For our survey. it is every bit likely that foreign houses are puting in the United States for engineering and trade name label acquisition as for the development of their proprietary assets. No anticipation is made. hence. on the marks of the coefficients for R A ; D and Advertising. ( Kogut A ; Singh 1988 ) . In 2008. as natural resources have been discovered in other parts of the universe and new engineerings have emerged. states that were once chiefly importers are non exporters. and states that chiefly exported. now import more from elsewhere. As the playing field alterations every twelvemonth. it’s of import to observe that states will be go oning to seek for the following best topographic point or resource to assist turn their company. Besides. thanks to the cyberspace and a computer-savvy coevals. it is possible that some states will non necessitate outside aid advertisement or selling. or with brand-name acknowledgment. If the article were to be re-written today. evidently new informations would necessitate to be collected reflecting the alterations of the last 20 old ages. including new industrial sectors. new companies. and more states. The research workers would necessitate to besides distinguish between a few things. First. they would necessitate to look at a specific industry. because. as they stated. the agencies of entry vary greatly depending on the industry. For illustration. one might come in a foreign banking market really different than had they entered a foreign market purely to use their natural resources or labour force. Besides. the article did non look plenty at the cultural facet of the concern universe. It would be derelict non to detect that there are some civilizations who object to aliens making concern in their state and would non react to foreign concern programs. For illustration. the United States and European states might successfully get or get down a concern in China or Japan. yet non be every bit successful in a Middle Eastern Country. In decision. sing the article is over 20 old ages old. and the information was even older. the writers did a great occupation of analysing informations and look intoing concern tendencies and foreign market entry manners. It provides a great penetration into the past and the mentality of the times. before new trade Torahs. instant communicating. and most significantly. new merchandises and services used by people worldwide. As societies change every twenty-four hours. as 3rd universe states become first universe. and new drugs are developed to bring around a myriad of conditions. the lone certainty is that 20 old ages from now. we will be in a really different concern universe as a consequence of our actions today. Mentions Caves. Richard. E. 1982. Multinational endeavor and economic analysis Cambridge. U. K. : Cambridge University Press. Dubin. Michael. 1975. Foreign acquisitions and the spread of the transnational fi. D. B. A. thesis. Jemison. D. B. A ; S. B. Sitkin. 1986. Corporate acquisitons: A procedure position. Academy of Management. Kogut. Bruce. and Harbir Singh. 1988. The Effect of National Culture on the Choice of Entry Mode. The Journal of International Business Studies k S. Mehra. 1986. Entry of foreign multinationals into U. S. fabrication industries. In M. Porter. erectile dysfunction. . Competition in planetary industries. Boston: Harvard Business School. Gross saless. A. L. A ; P. H. Mirvis. 1984. When civilizations collide: chromaticities in acquisition. In Pull offing organisational Stepford. J. A ; L. Wells. 1972. Pull offing the transnational endeavor: Organization of the house and ownership. New York: Basic Books.

RESEARCH NURSING ARTICLES CRITIQUE Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

RESEARCH NURSING ARTICLES CRITIQUE - Article Example Taking into considerations various knowledge that a research provides, in this essay two such works related to the field of nursing shall be critiqued and evaluated. The first chosen research for the critique is titled: â€Å"Caring for adults with intellectual disabilities: perceived challenges for nurses in accident and emergency units† and the other one is: â€Å"Parents experiences of general hospital admission for adults with learning disabilities†. Taking the research process steps as the systematic guidance for the critique, both of these researches shall be evaluated for their strengths and weakness in various aspects. The critique shall be based on the research question of â€Å"the perspective of both the parents and the staff in the experiences in hospitals with the adults suffering from intellectual disabilities†. And both the researches are chosen taking in mind this research question. The essay shall be concluded with some evaluation of its findings . A title of any written piece must function as an overall informer of whatever findings and conclusions are going to unfold in the reading. Same applies to a research. And the two researches under our investigation do have their titles suggesting their actual findings. The first title mentions the ‘Caring for adults with intellectual disabilities’ first and then clarifies the precise purpose of the study by mentioning ‘challenges for nurses in accident and emergency units’. The title of the second research too confirms its aim by mentioning the exact findings. We understand that the research is going to investigate the experiences of the parents in hospitals while admitting their adult children with learning disabilities. Both the titles suggest clearly that the researches are going to be qualitative. The information of the authors provided before the vary start of the paper do give the readers the knowledge that the researches are carried out by qualified and experienced authors.